In religious arbitration, the two parties involved in a civil dispute consent to have their dispute settled by a religious tribunal, rather than in a civil court. The decisions of the religious arbitration courts are binding. These courts are common in orthodox Jewish communities and are also used in some Christian and Muslim communities.

Efficiency-oriented economic policy focuses on reducing prices and maximising output by allocating production according to where a comparative advantage exists. Resilience-oriented economic policy sacrifices efficiency in order to build redundancies in the event of economic shocks (e.g., subsidising domestic production, restricting trade of key technologies with adversaries).

For the purposes of this debate, conscription for health workers would allow the government to make centralised decisions about health workers. For example, by allocating them to different locations or specialities, compelling people with relevant qualifications to reenter the industry, not allowing resignations, etc.

Following the collapse of the USSR, the newly independent state of Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, over which Ukrainian forces had physical, but not operational, control. Ukraine signed the Budapest Memorandum in 1994. This agreement required it to transfer its arsenal to Russia for decommissioning in return for assurances from Russia, the US and the UK that they would respect Ukraine's sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well seek assistance for Ukraine from the UN Security Council if it became the victim of another state's territorial aggression.

A “Pearl Harbour”-style event is characterised by the shocking, cataclysmic nature of the original Pearl Harbour disaster, and its subsequent extensive global ramifications.

In 1998, France signed the Noumea Accord with New Caledonia, a French overseas territory in the Pacific, following separatist violence in the 1980s. This Accord granted increased power to the indigenous Kanak population, froze the electoral rolls to only include residents at the time and their descendants, and required three independence referendums, which were held in 2018, 2020, and 2021. Support for independence rose from 43.33% in the first vote to 46.47% in the second. The main pro-independence party boycotted the 2021 referendum, leading to only 3.5% of votes backing independence. France now views its obligations under the accord as fulfilled, while independence activists disagree.

In May 2024, violent protests erupted over a proposed electoral reform that would see a greater dilution of power for the Kanak by opening the electoral roll to any resident who had lived in New Caledonia for 10 years. France has now suspended this reform.